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Experimental and Computational Study into the Onset of Light Damage of Dutch Masonry Structures
In recent decades, extraction of natural gas in the northern part of the Netherlands has
resulted in low-magnitude, shallow earthquakes. Besides assessing the safety and ‘near
collapse’ state of the structures in the region, the lower damage state or Damage State 1, is
important. Light, repeating, seismic events may cause cracks in masonry houses. This has led
to societal unrest, serviceability losses and troubled claiming procedures against the
government and the companies involved.
An experimental and computational campaign, ongoing at the Delft University of Technology
over the past years, aimed to improve the knowledge of the underlying physics of crack
initiation and propagation in typical, unreinforced masonry structures, ubiquitous in the
Netherlands. Herein is an overview of this study. First a scalar damage parameter is matched
to a damage scale to objectively quantify cracking damage and its progression as a function of
crack width, length and number. Next, cracking is observed experimentally in walls and
spandrels subjected to in-plane loading using high-resolution Digital Image Correlation to
detect the formation and evolution of cracks. The experimental results are then interpreted to
establish drift intervals for which light damage can be expected.
Subsequently, orthotropic composite continuum models were calibrated against the test
results. Modelling and constitutive improvements were made in these 2D models. Then, the
validated models were extrapolated to real building cases, also included herein. The
combination of existing damage due to e.g. differential settlement, and new damage due to
the seismicity is evaluated with these extrapolation models. Finally, the models provide a
relationship between the variability in e.g. material strength, earthquake intensity, and
damage; this is then employed to determine probabilities for light damage.
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