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Game or Watch : The Effect of Interactivity on Arousal and Engagement in Video Game Media
This study examined arousal and engagement during video game play for interactive players and passive spectators who watched a recording of gameplay. We examined interactive (online) and noninteractive (offline) events in the game design. We collected psychophysiological data (eye movements, pupil dilation, heart rate) and self-reported measures (general anxiety, game experience, levels of fear). Overall, playing the game was associated with general increases in heart rate and a significant increase in the mean fixations distance. During offline events, players and spectators showed similar levels of arousal as indicated by pupil dilation. During online events, however, players showed increased pupil dilation—more so than someone who is watching the exact event without interactive control. These findings suggest that both players and spectators show increases in arousal and engagement, but there is a unique level of arousal and engagement for interactive play, as indicated by changes in heart rate and eye-tracking metrics. We discuss the application of the psychophysiological findings to recent trends in consumer media such as Twitch and YouTube, as well as the importance of game design, as it relates to human behavior.
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