We extend the transmission distance of 400GBASE-LR4 and 400GBASE-LR8 systems by introducing simple and ultrawideband single-stage bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers (BDFAs). The transmission reach of e…
Error bound analysis, which estimates the distance of a point to the solution set of an optimization problem4 using the optimality residual, is a powerful tool for the analysis of first-order optim…